Exploring the stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales in a typical subtropical deciduous forest

Numerous efforts have been made to understand stemflow dynamics under different types of vegetation at the inter-event scale, but few studies have explored the stemflow characteristics and corresponding influencing factors at the intra-event scale. An in-depth investigation of the inter- and intra-event dynamics of stemflow is important for understanding the ecohydrological processes in forest ecosystems. In this study, stemflow volume (F_V), stemflow funnelling ratio (F_R), and stemflow ratio (F_%) from Quercus acutissima and Broussonetia papyrifera trees were measured at both inter- and intra-event scales in a subtropical deciduous forest, and the driving factors, including tree species and meteorological factors were further explored. Specifically, the F_V, F_R and F_% of Q. acutissima (52.3 L, 47.2, 9.6%) were lower than those of B. papyrifera (85.1 L, 91.2, 12.4%). The effect of tree species on F_V and F_% was more obvious under low intensity rainfall types. At the inter-event scale, F_V had a strong positive linear correlation with rainfall amount (G_P) and event duration (D_E) for both tree species, whereas F_R and F_% had a positive logarithmic correlation with G_P and D_E only under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type. F_R and F_% were mainly affected by wind speed and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity under low-intensity, long-duration rainfall type. At the intra-event scale, for both tree species, the mean lag time between the start of rainfall and stemflow was the shortest under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type, while the mean duration and amount of stemflow after rain cessation were the greatest under high-amount, long-duration rainfall type. The relationship between stemflow intensity and rainfall intensity at the 5-min interval scale also depended greatly on rainfall type. These findings can help clarify stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales, and also provide abundant data and parameters for ecohydrological simulations in subtropical forests.     

A two-layer model for studying 2D dissolved pollutant runoff over impermeable surfaces

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.     

香坊老工业区搬迁改造监测分析

利用地理信息技术及遥感监测方法,监测香坊老工业区搬迁改造试点进展情况,主要针对搬迁改造过程中地表覆盖、用地性质、空气质量变化情况,开展综合统计分析,客观评价香坊老工业搬迁改造实施成效。     

基于PCA-TOPSIS的重庆市县域经济密度综合测度及时空演变

经济密度是衡量区域经济发展水平和聚集程度的重要指标之一。以重庆市38个县（区）所辖范围为研究区，建立了人均和地均相结合的综合测度指标体系，采用主成分分析确定指标权重，将PCA TOPSIS评价法运用到经济密度综合测度中，依据测度对象与最优值的相对接近程度，综合测度1997年、2001年、2006年和2013年重庆市县域经济密度，获得各个时间断面经济密度综合指数及其排名。通过利用ArcGIS制图功能绘制重庆市经济密度等级分布图，揭示其空间分异演变规律，利用Moran’s I，LISA和热点分析分别探索了县域经济密度的全局和局部空间自相关及其时空演变规律，并讨论影响经济密度高低的主要因素。通过对县域经济密度的综合测度及时空演变的探究，为实现城市科学定位和制定中长期发展战略提供科学依据。     

基于耀斑改正的多光谱水深反演方法研究

利用WorldView-2四波段卫星数据和电子海图数据,基于改进的耀斑改正算法和双波段比值算法,反演获得了3处典型海域的浅水水深。通过不同海域、不同耀斑条件下水深反演实验,探讨了RED,NIR波段在典型四波段水深反演中的作用和影响,发现在双波段比值法水深反演中,引入RED+NIR波段进行耀斑改正处理,可以增加珊瑚、海藻等绿色物质覆盖海底的反射率,有效地提高该类海域的水深反演精度。基于耀斑改正的多光谱水深反演方法,适用于中轻度耀斑条件下,水质较清澈的浅海水深反演,可在国内外典型四波段卫星数据水深反演中推广应用。     

High-P granulites of the Songshugou area (Qinling Orogen,east-central China): Petrography,phase relations,and U/Pb zircon geochronology

High-pressure (HP) granulites provide telling records of mineral reactions at upper mantle to lower crustal levels and key information on the fate of material in subduction systems. The latter especially applies when they abut eclogite and mantle dunite because such rock associations are crucial for understanding the incompletely known processes at the interface of converging plates. A continental arc, active c. 520–395 Ma ago, formed an enigmatic example of such a rock association in the Songshugou area, Qinling Orogen. To unravel the juxtaposition of the distinct rocks, this study combines petrography, phase equilibria modelling, conventional thermobarometry, and zircon U–Th–Pb–Ti–REE analysis. Two mafic HP granulites, which contain the mineral assemblages garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–rutile–mesoperthite–quartz and garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–rutile, experienced peak metamorphic conditions of ≤1.4 GPa, 860°C and ~1.3 GPa, ≥910°C, respectively. During decompression and cooling, at 489 ± 4 Ma, amphibole lamellae unmixed from a clinopyroxene solid solution and orthopyroxene in part replaced garnet. A felsic HP granulite shows equilibration of garnet, perthite, antiperthite, kyanite, quartz, and rutile at 810–860°C, ~1.2 GPa, sillimanite growth during decompression, and upper amphibolite facies cooling at 510 ± 4 Ma. Though the thermobarometric data are just within the methodological errors, the U/Pb zircon ages imply the HP granulites did not evolve coherently. The HP granulites either represent foundered lower arc crust or originated from subduction erosion because their geochemistry is indistinguishable from that of the hanging-wall plate. Published and new pressure–temperature–time–deformation paths converge at ~710°C, ~0.9 GPa, and ≲470 Ma, implying exhumation tectonics juxtaposed the HP granulites with a mélange of eclogite and mantle dunite at lower crustal levels. This study highlights that lower arc crust can comprise material of diverse evolution.     

西南煤系地层山区采动型崩滑灾害研究关键问题

文章在分析采矿型崩滑灾害发育特征的基础上，得出西南煤系地层山区地下采动型崩滑灾害常发生在层状碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩地层组成的褶皱翼部和核部的陡崖带上，与地形地貌、地层结构与地下采矿工程活动等因素关系密切，并指出薄矿层开采诱发大型山体崩滑灾害的具体过程:①采空后覆岩顶板塌落—覆岩顶板离层，采空区上覆岩层内部及层间自下而上应力传递；②地下水运移通道形成，并加快更大范围岩体结构破坏及扩展，加速了岩体结构面的松动与破坏；③上覆岩层不均匀沉降导致坡脚压裂，山体大型岩体结构面逐渐拉剪或压剪变形扩展，最终山体发生累积损伤与大规模崩滑灾害。此外，传统经验公式的计算方法对此类采矿型崩滑灾害已不适用，建议开展西南煤系地层山区地质结构与地下采动诱发崩滑灾害的相互作用关系、薄矿层采空区上部山体累积断裂损伤—岩体松动、裂隙扩展-岩溶管道流、裂隙流变化的链式响应机制、地下采动型崩滑灾害评价方法等关键科学问题的研究，以推动采矿型地质灾害防灾减灾工作的发展。      

中国西北地区南华纪—古生代构造重建及关键问题讨论

中国西北是古亚洲构造域和特提斯构造域共同作用的地区，南华纪—古生代时期经历了复杂的洋-陆演化过程，诸陆（地）块于三叠纪基本拼贴就位，奠定了中生代以来陆内盆山演化的基础。但对于西北地区南华纪—古生代时期古亚洲洋盆最终关闭的时限、位置，以及秦祁昆古生代造山带属于特提斯构造域还是古亚洲构造域等重大区域地质问题目前仍存在较大争议。文章在最新地质填图的基础上，通过对沉积建造、岩浆建造、变质变形等的综合分析，将西北地区南华纪—古生代的构造单元厘定为3个洋板块、4个弧盆系和2个陆（地）块群等9个二级、46个三级和112个四级构造单元，力图刻画消失的大洋盆地的残留组成和诸陆（地）块的边缘增生结构。结合古地磁、生物古地理研究成果，恢复了古生代不同时期西北洋-陆系统在全球的位置，讨论了洋盆消减、诸陆（地）块拼贴的过程。      

Transition Periods Between Sea Ice Concentration and Sea Surface Air Temperature in the Arctic Revealed by an Abnormal Running Correlation

This study used the synthetic running correlation coefficient calculation method to calculate the running correlation coefficients between the daily sea ice concentration(SIC) and sea surface air temperature(SSAT) in the Beaufort-Chukchi-East Siberian-Laptev Sea(BCEL Sea), Kara Sea and southern Chukchi Sea, with an aim to understand and measure the seasonally occurring changes in the Arctic climate system. The similarities and differences among these three regions were also discussed. There are periods in spring and autumn when the changes in SIC and SSAT are not synchronized, which is a result of the seasonally occurring variation in the climate system. These periods are referred to as transition periods. Spring transition periods can be found in all three regions, and the start and end dates of these periods have advancing trends. The multiyear average duration of the spring transition periods in the BCEL Sea, Kara Sea and southern Chukchi Sea is 74 days, 57 days and 34 days, respectively. In autumn, transition periods exist in only the southern Chukchi Sea, with a multiyear average duration of only 16 days. Moreover, in the Kara Sea, positive correlation events can be found in some years, which are caused by weather time scale processes.     

平原地区高潜水位采煤塌陷综合治理研究——以兖州煤田为例

煤炭资源的开采引发了采煤塌陷、农田损毁、生态破坏、农民失地等后果,给矿区带来了一系列经济、社会、环境问题。该文以兖州煤田为例,对平原地区高潜水位条件下煤炭开采引起的地表塌陷现状进行调查,充分掌握了塌陷区土地利用现状、塌陷区稳沉状况及破坏现状。分析了兖州煤田采煤塌陷区的土地损毁特点,研究了塌陷区综合治理的手段和方法,针对性地提出了高潜水位地区采煤塌陷综合治理的途径,为采煤塌陷区的规划治理提供了参考。